Ernesto Icogo

A related literature on the continued study of viscous evolution. Salt-making process relates to the reversible process contributory to the discovery at Natron Lake during the Egypt expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Here you might get some idea why the salt-making industry is Las Pinas was halted. Continued deterioration of saltwater supply and surrounding  might lead curious research investigators interested in climate change and reversible reaction.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_industry_in_Las_Pi%C3%B1as#/media/File:Philippine_salt_works.jpg

Photo: Production of sea salt by solar evaporation of water from the brine of the sea, circa 1940

©️ Copyrighted material 2017. Author's consent needed

The symbiotic relationship between coral skeleton (CaCO3) and tissue (zooxanthallae) produces an interaction which results to electron scattering. The process, however, does not follow the law of conservation of energy. Instead, the high-intense energy is converted into kinetic (vibration) energy (via inelastic collision), in the form of heat, resulting in the deformation and distortion of coral skeleton and "energy lost" as photoluminescence. The concepts of viscous and (frictional) fluid flow contribute to simultaneous electron excitation that gives rise to vibration-rotation spectra. The phenomenon happens during which precipitate CaCO3 interacting with coral tissue solidifies.

©️ Copyrighted material 2017. Author's consent needed.

Presentation of objective and proposed method to set the direction of the research investigation. The research investigation is intended to be proposed under EURAXESS Horizon 2020 or any appropriate EURAXESS program funding.

©️ Ernesto Icogo, May 1, 2017. Quezon City

©️ Copyrighted material 2013. Author's consent needed.
©️ Submitted material 1987 Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics. University of the Philippines at Los Banos

The original manuscript intended for reading purposes only. The special problem comes with the computer program that solves a quadratic programming by Wolfe Method for restricted entry simplex method.

Theoretical study of sufficient and necessary conditions (Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Theorem). The algorithm was applied to a practical problem, optimal use of milk in Holland.

In support of the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal #14, the objective is to promote awareness of the ongoing campaign against global warming and climate change, contribute to the scientific solution on issues related to ocean action and most specifically, in coral reef protection.

A study of drought period  preceding the Last Ice Age (Little Ice Age) in Northern China. The disaster resulted to the so-called El Nino and El Nina phenomena.

In this presentation, a graphical representation showing global temperature level change showed a distinct pattern of warming and cooling periods.

Notice the decrease in the duration of cooling period.

Basic concepts of magma formation, accumulation and eruption.

In this draft paper,  the investigation focuses on how magma is formed, rocks melt and bubbles formed. The basic concepts of how bubbles are formed, its permeability and its importance in the study of viscous evolution.

Bubbles play a crucial role in volcanology because it is the formation and expansion of bubbles that accelerates flow, and because gas, ultimately the Earth’s atmosphere itself, is carried to the Earth’s surface in bubble.

It is strongly believed that:

* Once the magma became permeable, the volcano can literally “lose steam”.

The direction of the investigation points to a better understanding on how we perceived volcanic processes.

The legitimacy of quantum correlation, a Bayesian probabilistic approach, relies on the assumption that the observed coincidences constitute a fair sample of the omitted pairs.

It will only converge after sufficient number of trials.

The method is also applicable in the study of Earth’s Dynamics via Conduction during transfer of thermal internal energy from hot to cold region.

Markov Blanket: Causal Correlation Rather Than Similarity

How far and for how long does heat travel from a specific location? e.g. Average travel (scattering) time to and from other locations.

An algorithmic approach to causal discovery algorithm, a suggestion to run models and learn how things change for different scenarios and geographic regions.

The research investigation is a continuation of the ongoing effort to apply causal discovery algorithm to inelastic collision with large energy transfer via conduction with respect to earth's age and accretion.

With application to the possibility of reversing heat flow from cold to warm region, a better understanding of the interplay (also part of the ongoing study on viscous evolution).

In the study of inelastic scattering with large energy transfer, reversible reaction and viscous dissipation, it is significant to look at the possibility of reversing heat flow from cold to hot system.

This research investigation looks at the application of strength of interaction characterized by the dimensionless parameter, ϒ = mc/n, in the relaxation of weakly-interacting 1D Bose Gas, thermodynamic equilibrium state where there are only isolated differential scattering and particle collision.

Keyword: differential inelastic scattering rate (sigma-q (10) at differential temperature, Boltzmann distribution, normal reordering, quantum correlation

The Philippines, a nation comprised of more than 7,000 distinct islands, is situated in one of the world's most coral-rich areas. Globally, the country ranks third in overall coral reef area behind only Indonesia and Australia. With more than 9,600 square miles of reef systems, the Philippines are home to nearly 9 percent of the world's total reef area. Philippine reefs boast 421 of the 577 known species of coral, as well as 19 seagrass species and 30 species of mangrove, both of which contribute nutrients to coral systems.

The country's stewardship of this vital global resource, however, has been called into question. With threats like the illegal use of sodium cyanide and dynamite that destroy entire reefs, in attempts by fishermen to kill and gather as many fish as possible, as well as coral diseases, more than 97 percent of the reefs in the Philippines are classified as "at risk."

With pressure and assistance from other countries and the United Nations, the country has established measures to protect and restore its coral reefs. The Philippines now boasts dozens of protected reef areas.

©️ Copyrighted material 2017. Author's consent needed.

The symbiotic relationship between coral skeleton (CaCO3) and tissue (zooxanthallae) produces an interaction which results to electron scattering. The process, however, does not follow the law of conservation of energy. Instead, the high-intense energy is converted into kinetic (vibration) energy (via inelastic collision), in the form of heat, resulting in the deformation and distortion of coral skeleton and "energy lost" as photoluminescence. The concepts of viscous and (frictional) fluid flow contribute to simultaneous electron excitation that gives rise to vibration-rotation spectra. The phenomenon happens during which precipitate CaCO3 interacting with coral tissue solidifies.

Objective of the Study:

The objective of the study is to show that it is possible to harness high-intense energy from karstic and coral formation though reversible reaction pioneered by the French chemist, Claude Louis Berthollet, in 1798.

The goal extends to the harvesting of energy and the development of new knowledge and technology in energy storage for future use.

Hypothesis: Under a certain critical temperature, CaCO3 takes the form of an invariant crystalline solid. During reverse reaction, calcium carbonate CaCO 3 decomposes under intense-energy. However, during cooling (in the evening, based on my earlier assumption), the process reverses back and CaCO 3 solidifies and crystallizes. This happens when liquid (solvent) contains more dissolved solids (solute) than can ordinarily be accommodated at that temperature. (supersaturation).

In this presentation, the author studied the findings of Dana Riddle in her study on coral/zooxanthallae light absorption.

This investigative research study presented the underlying concepts on how and why high-energy short wavelengths are poorly absorbed with the introduction of reversible reaction, inelastic collision and vibrational energy at atomic level.

Kinetic energy are not conserved and instead, converted into vibrational energy, causing deformation in corals through heat and energy released as photoluminescence.

The concept of viscous and  (frictional) fluid flow contribute to simultaneous excitation that gives rise to vibration-rotation spectra. (next topic of investigative research study)

The phenomenon happens during which precipitate CaCO3 interacting with coral tissue solidifies.

The presentation discusses the basic idea on how corals absorbs minerals from the seawater and process these minerals into limestone or calcium carbonate formation.

It gives the idea that frictional fluid flow helps determine coral growth and coral growth pattern.

The presentation also looks at how coral photosynthesizes to produce oxygen, fats and sugar while absorbing carbon dioxide, phosphorus and nitrogen.

Objective: To measure the change in CaCO 3 base and plate with respect to significantly-contributing coral growth pattern factors (x, y, z, t)-gradient of (x,y,z) wrt t plus stress (change in three-dimensional surface area) with respect to time (+/-) stress Precipitate CaCO 3-solid CaCO3 The underlying theory is given by the gradient method (Lagrangian) A set of nonlinear N-S equations-(gradient method (Langragian)) + (Reynolds number) Solution idea: • treat Reynolds number (stress) as an independent equation and part of constraints (???)

• By doing so, we will be able to treat the resulting set of nonlinear equation from N-S derivation as a set of constraints without stress or set Re = 0 • Stress is a function of contributing factors mentioned below
• Calculate Reynolds number based on random stress variables Two scenarios: • What is the growth rate without stress? Re = 0 • What is the growth rate with random stress? Re = random variable Re rand Random stress depends on contributing factors mentioned below.

One such theory is that artificially-produced ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has potentially harmful effects on marine invertebrates. While the evidence of natural ultraviolet bandwidths and intensities is more than enough scientific documentation to prove detrimental effects (see Gleason and Wellington, 1993 and a host of others), there is much less data supporting similar effects of artificial light sources on captive marine invertebrates (but see Masuda, et al., 1993).

The author of the study, Dana Riddle, speculated that UVR is potentially detrimental for a number of years now, and have finally worked out an experimental protocol to test the hypothesis.

The Carbon Absorption Process in Corals • Study how corals (CaCO 3) absorb carbon • Study the photosynthetic process in corals (zooxanthall cycle) • Study the electron diffusion and transport in coral/zooxanthallae photosynthetic process.

Solar energy engineering aspects of the study • This leads to energy generation!! • … and conversion to electrical energy

There are existing mathematics and physics here (as applied to silicon material) … and possibly new mathematical developments!!

The draft paper presents the background of the study and the methodology leading to the possible contribution to the understanding of the underlying principle and the set of universal laws dictating the interplay on predicting which among the Euler solutions will play the most important role in the viscous evolution.

Prepared: May 8, 2017 in Quezon City, Philippines

If we put a neutrally buoyant solid cube into a fluid flow and ignore all the viscous forces, we can work out the net on the cube by considering the pressure on each face. Now we write f = ma for the cube.

This is the Euler equation, which becomes Navier-Stokes equation when viscous terms are included.

The Euler equation is simply f = ma applied to an inviscid fluid.

It is tempting to imagine that, as a fluid's viscosity tends to zero, it's flow tends to inviscid flow solution. This is not the case. The solution is singular.

Proposition#2: Solar cell design should be adapted to different types of
“surrounding” materials (substance).

Some of the different types of surrounding materials (substances) where panels are installed can be galvanized iron (GI sheets, new and dirty), concrete pavement, baked stones or brick materials, bitumen-covered roofing sheet, and different types of roofing shingles (asphalt, wood, metal. fibreglass, organic, slate, solar roof and tile).

©️ Ernesto Icogo / February 12, 2017 / Quezon City

Notes that may lead to the study of viscosity in coral growth and the formulation of mathematical explanation (probably, Euler solution to viscous evolution), and a set of universal laws dictating the interplay.

… the study of Oseen vortices (for incompressible fluid)
… and suggested alternative readings (for compressible fluid)

©️ May 3, 2017. Quezon City

Today's offshore wind turbines produce enormous amounts of energy, but they're still hampered by one major constraint – they're rooted to the seafloor. Limited to deployment in waters less than 50 metres deep, sites with the strongest winds are ruled out and, often, so is access to big markets. Commercialising and deploying new technology in the energy sector is always a big challenge. It involves a conservative business sector, requires large quantities of capital, takes considerable time and affects a broad range of stakeholders.

(Source: IRENA Global Atlas Wind Data)

The idea is to design a wind turbine blade that adjusts to strong winds in areas frequented by strong and violent typhoons. e.g. The Philippines and countries in Micronesia.

The idea is to design blades which can be folded and clipped together during extreme situation where the blades, themselves, couldn’t handle the approaching typhoon.

©️ Ernesto Icogo,  March 2017, Quezon City, Philippines

Original draft paper presentation submitted to Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat-Freiburg c/o Dr. Martin Heinrich, Program Coordinator of Solar Energy Engineering – Continuing Education at Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat-Freiburg and forwarded to University of Kassel. The idea was also presented Prof. Dr. Hans Georg Bock and  Prof. Dr. Kurt Roth of IWR Heidelberg during a summer school on Fluid Dynamics held at Ateneo de Manila University in October 2016.

This article is a continuation of a previous write-up as part of an investigative approach to research on the potential of coral/zooxanthallae as a "new" solar cell material. It aimed to compare some of the characteristics of coral/zooxanthallae significant in solar cell design, e.g., optical property and absorption rate.

The article discussed a previous research study by Dana Riddle entitled Photosynthetic Efficiencies of LEDs: Results of Short-Term Exposure to LED Lights published in Advanced Aquarist, Volume 13, May 2014, specifically on spectral analysis.

Link to article can be found below:

http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/5/aafeature

©️ Ernesto Icogo, 2017. Quezon City, Philippines

The original document was presented to Dr. Martin Heinrich, University of Freiburg
Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, Laboratory for Electrical Instrumentation, Georges-Köhler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany and to Politechnika Lubelska c/o Prof. Dr. Dariusz Chocyk of the Faculty of the Fundamentals of Technology on April 13, 2017.

Unpublished article on the potential of coral/zooxanthallae as a new source of material for solar cell design.

The article presented the potential of coral and the strong interest on UV because higher heat offers more energy.

©️ Ernesto Icogo, 2017. Quezon City, Philippines

A proposition to formulate a theory that is currently non-existent. The idea was proposed to colleagues (with interest in the said topic) on predicting which of the Euler solutions will play the most important role in the viscous evolution.

The Biot-Savart Law was explained based on existing reference material.

©️ Copyrighted to Ernesto Icogo, 2017. Quezon City, Philippines

The original proposition was presented to colleagues. Ugur Duran and Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung and submitted to Politechnika Lubelska, Lublin, Poland c/o Prof. Dr. Izolda Gorgol, Prof. Dr. Ewa Lazuka, Prof. Dr. Anna Kuczmaszewska i Prof. Dr. Dariusz Chocyk and the Polish Academy of Science Institute of Mathematics (IMPAN) c/o Prof. Dr. Krzystof Bodgan.

The idea stems from the interest in methods of measuring coral growth and in the design of solar cells, in particular, electron diffusion and transport.

Did you know?

The Philippines is not only home to giant bats, the country also boasts of its Monfort Bat Colony. The bat colony is home to over 3 million (as of 2014 and growing) bats according to the Bat Conservation International. In fact, the Monfort Cave in the Island Garden City of Samal, Davao del Norte was entered in the Guinness World Records in 2006 as the home of the largest colony of Geoffrey’s Rousette Fruit Bat (Rousetteus amplexicaudatus).

Karstic formation has the inherent characteristic of absorbing high-intense energy (ultraviolet ray or UV). Karst areas, consist of solid but chemically soluble rock such as limestone, have  higher bandgap compared to several materials including silicon material.

Further study on karstic formation could lead to energy generation, conversion and storage for future use or discoveries that may lead to better water use.

Newton's 2nd Law: F = ma

If we put a neutrally buoyant solid cube into a fluid flow and ignore all the forces, we can work out the net on the cube by considering the pressure on each face.

The resulting derivation is the Euler equation, which becomes Navier-Stokes equation when viscous terms are included (see page 9 of the databook, where it is called by its other name: The Momentum Equation)

The Euler equation is simply F = ma applied to an inviscid flow.

UN Voluntary Commitment #25042

The community volunteer commitment #25042 is also contributory to the ongoing study on the formulation of theory in viscous evolution. An integral part of the scientific aspects of coral protection, including but not limited to, energy generation from coral and karst formation, lies mainly on all factors affecting the said interplay.


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Ernesto Icogo
Communities of Ocean Actions
United Nations 2018